Recommendations on the choice of material
Structure and variety of fibres and
yarns
Short recommendations on the choice of material:
•For production, where there should be no static electricity we use only
natural fibers;
• For human and cargo protection (belay ropes)- nylon products;
• For use in corrosive environments - polyester, polypropylene;
• If you need a light-resistance - polyester, polypropylene.
Classification, properties and
applications of textile materials
1. Synthetic (nylon, polypropylene, polyester, etc.)
2. Artificial (acryl, viscose and others)
3. Natural (cotton, jute, sisal, wool, silk natural)
Nylon-6 fiber
Nylon-6
is a synthetic material from the group of polyamides obtained by polymerization
of caprolactam at a temperature of 260 - 270 C. Polyamide fibers are
characterized by high strength, high elasticity, abrasion and alkali resistance
of microorganisms, but at temperatures above 120 ° C decreases the strength of
polyamide fibers. They adsorb more moisture than polyester fibers and is much
easier to stain. The high cost of the products is determined by the complexity
of obtaining nylon feedstock and manufacturing steps of polyamide fibers.
Nylon-6 fiber is stronger fibers, breaking length is 40-60 km, and fine
cotton is only 36 km. Hygroscopic property of nylon fibers is relatively low -
3.6 - 6%, its share - 1.14, and vegetable fibers (cotton and bast) - 1,45-1,52.
Polyamide nylon-6 fiber characterized by a small change in strength and
elongation properties in the water, high resistance to alkalis and weak acids.
Polyamide fibers have relatively low light fastness, little resistant to acids
and oxidizing agents. Nylon is soluble in concentrated solutions of mineral and
formic acid. Solar irradiation and high temperature on nylon fiber leads to its
oxidation and loss of strength, light- and heat stabilizers added to
the fiber are used to prevent this destruction.
Polyester fiber
It
is polyester. In terms of production of polyester fibers occupy the first place
in the world. Complex of properties of the fibers can be used both in the art,
and for the production of consumer goods. A feature of these fibers is a
combination of high strength (both at PKA yarns 40-50 gf / tex, elongation at
break of 35-40 km) from the high initial modulus (3-5 times higher than that of
polycrystalline diamond filaments) which defines a high resistance to crease
and the ability to save form. The polyester fiber is not hygroscopic (at 65%
relative humidity absorbs 0.4-0.5%: water). The strength of the fibers in the
wet state does not change (100-102%) in a node, it is 88-93%. Polyester has
high elasticity (5-6% elongation is fully reversible). Elongation conventional
thread like PKA 20-25%. Glassware little crushed (crush-resistant fiber).
Resistance to bending and abrasion at high polyester fiber, but lower than PKA
fiber (abrasion resistance in nylon 4-4.5 times higher). In contrast, polyamide
fibers, polyester have high light fastness and heat stability significantly -
do not alter the strength of the steel prolonged heating at a temperature of
150 "C. Polyester fiber - heat-resistant (for 1000 hours at 150 "C
loses only 50% strength). Fiber has a high resistance to low temperatures, -50,
-60 "C retains elasticitty. Polyester is highly resistant to various kinds
of chemical attack. It dissolves only by boiling for 30 minutes in 40% -
solution of potassium hydroxide. Plonost fiber is 1.33 - 1.38 g/cm3, melting
point 255-280 "C. Fiber badly stained by conventional methods. Products
from polyester fibers are highly resistant to abrasion, resistant to acids and
oxidants, but low resistance to nitric and sulfuric acids, and alkalis. Polyester
fiber in product retains its shape, glassware have wool-like pretend they are
warm to the touch, easy to wash, they dry quickly and have low shrinkage and
resistant to bacteria and microorganisms. However, they are prone to have high
peel and electrified. Polyester fiber is an insulating material. The high
dielectric property saves it in the wide range of temperatures. Polyester
fibers are used for the production of fabrics, knitted fabrics, brushes,
synthetic fur, zippers, felt, sewing thread, surgical thread, cord, conveyor
belts, fire belts, ropes, cables, fire hoses, nets, safety belts (due to the
high initial modulus under the action of the impact load and the fiber is not
stretched).Technical threads are used for rubber products, textile threads are
smooth or texturing.
Polypropylene fiber
Polypropylene
refers to a class of polyolefin fibers. Of synthetic polymers, polyolefin are
among the most accessible. Polypropylene fiber has a set of performance
properties. Fiber strength in dry and wet condition is sufficiently high of 35
to 80 gf / tex. In the wet strength of polypropylene fibers is not changed.
Elongation of polypropylene fiber in the dry and wet the same, 30-40% to 12-15%
of high-strength fibers. Elasticity is high enough. Density of polypropylene
fiber is the lowest among all the fibers, is 0.91 g/cm3. Products of
polypropylene fibers are the easiest. This fiber floats on water. It is highly
resistant to abrasion in dry and wet condition. However, it is considerably
lower than that of polyamide fibers. Polypropylene has sufficiently low water
absorption, moisture absorption of 0.01-0.02%. Polypropylene has the highest
rate of capillary rise of moisture, high speed transport of moisture, high
thermal insulation properties, high-speed drying. Polypropylene fiber is sound
absorbing fiber. Polypropylene fibers have good electrical insulating
properties. Polypropylene has high heat resistant and freeze-resistant (holds
up to 70 "C) and low temperature resistant. Melting point of polypropylene
is quite low at 170" C. Polypropylene has absolute resistance to
aggressive media (concentrated acids, alkalis, aqua regia). At room temperature
is resistant to organic solvents. Polypropylene is resistant to microbes,
fungi, has good hygienic properties, dust and dirt repelling properties.
Polypropylene fibers used in the technical field for making nets, ropes, rubber
products, filter fabrics for use in aggressive environments, work wear, etc.
Also widely used for the production of goods of wide application: carpets,
blended yarn, underwear, sportswear, fabrics, knitted fabrics, non-wovens,
upholstery fabrics, packing cloth, twine, cordage, etc.
Cotton fiber
Cotton
fibers - are fibers covering the seeds of cotton plants. Cotton - an annual
plant that grows in hot climates. A base material (94-96%), which consists of
cotton fiber, is cellulose. The length of the cotton fibers is between 1 and 55
mm. Depending on the length of the fibers are divided into short-fiber cotton
(20-27 mm), upland (28-34 mm) and long staple (35-50 mm). Cotton length of less
than 20 mm is not called strand, it is impossible to work out of yarn. Between
the length and thickness of the cotton fibers, there is a definite
relationship: the longer the fiber, so they are thinner. An important property
is its cotton Water absorption (8 - 12%), and therefore, cotton fabrics have
good hygienic properties. Cotton has a high thermal stability - the destruction
of the fibers to 140 ° C does not occur. Density of is 1.52 g/cm3 cotton.
Durability 22-36 gf / tex, elongation 7-8%. The fibers are strong enough. A
distinctive feature of the cotton fiber is increased tensile strength in the
wet state by 15-17% due to the increase in the fiber cross-sectional area twice
as strong as a result of swelling in water. Cotton fiber is more stable than
viscose and silk, to light, but the light fastness of inferior bast fibers and
wool. Cotton is highly resistant to the action of alkalis, which is used in the
finishing of cotton fabrics. The fibers swell strongly, shrink, become non
crimped, smooth, their walls thicken, the channel narrows, increases strength,
enhanced gloss, better colored fibers, firmly holding the dye. Because of the
low elasticity of cotton fiber has a high creases, high shrinkage, low
resistance to acids. Cotton is used for the production of fabrics for different
purposes, knitwear, nonwoven fabrics, curtains and lace products, sewing
thread, lace, laces, ribbons, etc. Cotton linters are used in the manufacture
of medical, apparel, furniture wool. Cotton woven is in the form used for the
manufacture of various products (yarn, rope, cordage, ropes).
Jute fiber
Jute
fiber (poop Calcutta hemp) is an exotic textile material, which is imported
into Europe from the East. On par with cotton, flax and hemp, jute belongs to
the most important vegetable fibers. Size consumption globally jute ranks
second after cotton. Jute is one of the fiber (bast) plants of global
importance in the stems which contain 20-25 % of valuable fiber having the same
strength as hemp. Single fiber jute is much shorter such as flax and hemp
fiber. Its maximum length is 4 mm. Jute fiber is very rough, dry, brittle, but
strong burst. It has good spinning qualities. Other exclusive property of jute
fiber is highly hygroscopic. Hygroscopicity it exceeds the principal vegetable
fibers. At high relative humidity jute contains up to 30% moisture, while
remaining dry to the touch. Chemically, the jute fiber is significantly
different from other vegetable fibers. It contains a lot of lignin and bastin
impurities (a substance related lignin, but more flexible). Advantages of jute
- cheapness, cleanliness fiber, lightness, high hygroscopic and coverage (for
flattening yarn strands retain their shape and in the future).But jute fiber is
free from major technical drawbacks: rudeness fiber, fast damage from water, a
small lifetime. Natural coloring jute is yellow, reddish and brown colors. The
best varieties of jute are light yellow, sometimes grayish-yellow or
grayish-silver color and characterized by high uniformity of thickness, good
gloss and certain softness. Lower class painted in dark yellow or reddish-brown
color, have less shine and more rigid. Eventually jute darkens, loses its gloss
and decreases in strength, especially when exposed to moisture. The advantage
of jute fiber is that it is most suited to the tree on the content of lignin (a
natural high molecular weight polymer that binds the cellulose fibers in wood).
Its presence defines the mechanical properties and permeability of wood. It is
therefore widely used in jute production Between-joisting sealant insulation
for wooden houses. Natural fiber with silky soft sheen, converts interior fits
perfectly into a wide range of natural colors. People from ancient times used
for manufacturing jute ropes, rough clothing. By the end of the 18th century,
new technologies, of jute fiber began to spin wool and weave jute cloth.Due to
the structural features, jute fiber - strong enough, but rough and tough, so it
cannot get out of yarn for the manufacture of fine fabrics. Due to the
hygroscopic properties of jute bags make that perfectly absorb moisture, but do
not miss it inside, bagged product. Currently jute is mainly used for the
manufacture of ropes, twines, sack packaging various types of furniture and
packing tissue to produce the basics of linoleum. Jute burlap is also used for
packing more expensive types of textile fibers: linen, cotton, wool. The best
varieties of jute cloth and go to the production of tufted carpets jute, also
make cheap woven carpets or rugs painted in bright colors. Jute makes mats,
bags, shoes, paper, geotextiles. Jute is used to create a composite plastic
that retain the ability jute fibers "breathe."
Sisal fiber
Sisal
- a hard, rough natural fiber obtained from the leaves of plants Agava
sisolana. Fibers isolated from fresh leaves without any special processing.
Elementary sisal fibers have a length of 2-2.5 mm, technical - 0.6-1.5 m;
shiny, yellowish color. On the strength of sisal and abaca inferior
characterized by greater fragility than hemp. It is used to make ropes, nets,
brushes, etc.
This article is provided by TVM -manufacture of cordage, cords, ropes, webbing, flat braids, ribbons and threads
Shared by HIGHTEX-manufacturer of industrial sewing equipment for ropes, cordage, cords, webbing and slings
